Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Philosophy - Essay Example Therefore, we are certainly not planning to take the legislation lying down. There are also those who will manage to pay the extra tuition fee one way or the other, and will not be forced to leave college. But they too realize that this increase will result in wastage of talent and violation of merit. It will also reduce opportunities for young people and promote economic inequality in a society which is already haunted by its ill-effects (such as unsettling urban crime rates). Protests can be very effective as they can demonstrate clearly to lawmakers the unpopularity of certain legislation. They can perchance sway them, and force them to reconsider their allegiances. Protests and acts of civil disobedience are sure to swiftly put the issue in media spotlight, which will get it the attention that it deserves. Protests can provide an effective means of mobilizing public opinion for a particular cause, and can help earn support from a wide range of people. Nonviolent protests and acts of civil disobedience have been carried out for worthy causes in the past. I intend to participate in such activities to make myself heard, and draw attention to this pressing concern. Part 2 The realm of ethics (not unlike other branches of knowledge) is fraught with conundrums and complications. But ethical decision-making is a necessity.

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Constitutional Law - Essay Example â€Å"†¦courts to grapple with justifications for rights and freedoms, taking a more philosophical approach to legal reasoning as they attempt to resolve conflicts between individual rights and competing societal and individual interests.†2 While the Human Rights Act 1998 did not officially implement a UK Bill of Rights it did indorse Convention Rights under the European Convention on Human Rights.3 By the time the Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in October 2000 the UK judiciary had already become accustomed to the application of Convention Rights as a Member State to the European Community.4 However as Fenwick, Phillipson and Masterman observe: â€Å"†¦at the same time they were proud of their long-established common law and constitutional traditions, including deference to parliament and to the executive in judicial review cases, as manifested in the Wednesbury doctrine.†5 The Wednesbury doctrine is the approach adapted by the courts in respect of judicial review in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v.Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223. In this case it was held that the applicant for judicial review is required to satisfy the court that no reasonable public official would have reached the conclusion that the official under review came to.6 Moreover, the court went on to state that it will not stand in an appellate position to overrule an official decision it will only stand as a judicial authority to determine whether or not the public official offended the law in its abuse of authority.7 While the judiciary maintains that the Wednesbury doctrine remains a guiding principle the courts have displayed a willingness to depart from this strict doctrine and to loosen the grip of judicial deference. This deference has never been more significant than it has in recent years with respect to legislative changes calculated to counter modern threats of terrorism.

Ionising Radiation Treatment for Food Preservation

Ionising Radiation Treatment for Food Preservation Xinhao DAI Introduction (principles how it works) Irradiation (gamma rays, electrons or X-rays) is applied to foods for promoting food safety and eliminating and reducing pests that are harmful to plants and plants products ((EFSA), 2011). The first use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in Germany, in which a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart started to improve the hygienic quality of its products by irradiating them with electrons, using a van de Graaff generator. After some hesitations whether to grant permissions for marketing irradiated food, the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, aiming to carry out a worldwide research program on the health safety of irradiated food (Diehl, 2002). The committee concluded in 1980 that the irradiation of any food commodity up to an overall average dose of 10kGy presented no toxicological hazard and no special nutritional or microbiological problems (WHO, 1981). The International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) was created in 1983, now supported by 45 member countries, and provides publications on the safety of irradiated food, the effectiveness of food irradiation, commercialization of the process, legislative aspects, control of irradiation facilities, and acceptance of the information on food irradiation(Diehl, 2002). As ionizing radiation passes through food, it creates a trail of chemical transformations by primary and secondary radiolysis effects. The extent of chemical reactions induced by irradiation in food components depends on following variables: irradiation treatment conditions (absorbed dose, dose rate, facility type), presence or absence of oxygen, temperature as well as composition of food. The main reported radiolytic products are certain hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcylobutanones produced from the major fatty acids in food, and some cholesterol oxides and furans ((EFSA), 2011). Application to Food Preservation All irradiated foods are supposed to have a label (G.H. Zhou, 2010). The irradiation technology was promoted by the FAO in the Codex Alimentarius in 2003 and has been well accepted in 50 countries. Irradiation technology is used worldwide to sterilize medical devices and pharmaceuticals, preserve artefacts, process cosmetics, packaging and food, and enable material improvements in consumer and manufactured goods ((EFSA), 2011). The following types of ionizing radiations are covered by international standards of the Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and are therefore internationally recognized for the treatment of foods and permissible under Directive 1992/2/EC concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionizing radiation: Gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV8 as emitted by the radionuclide cobalt-60 (Co-60) or gamma rays of 0.66 MeV as emitted by caesium-137 (Cs-137); Electrons (electron beams, E-beams) generated from machine courses operated at or below an energy level of 10 MeV; or X-rays generated from machine sources operated at or below an energy level of 5 MeV ((EFSA), 2011). The irradiation technology is highly efficient of inactivating bacteria, and the product is essentially chemically unaltered and the appreciable thickness materials, which can be used after packaging. It is non-thermal, thus it wont change the freshness and nutritional quality of the meat and meat products, though color change may occur due to the inherent susceptibility of the myoglobin molecule to energy input and alterations in the chemical environment.(G.H. Zhou, 2010). The radiation treatment results in no loss of thiamine, which is one of the least stable vitamins (Graham, 1998). Disinfestation of papayas and other exotic fruits (rambutan, lychee, star fruit, atemoya) by irradiation process in Hawaii for shipment to US mainland enabled Hawaiian exports to offer products with higher quality, instead of steam heating them for several hours (Diehl, 2002). Degradation products of parathion formed by irradiation seem to protect against a decline of antioxidant capacity and reduce polyphenolic loss. Ionizing radiation was found to be useful in breaking down pesticides residues without inducing significant loss of polyphenols (Issam Ben Salem, 2013). Gamma irradiation was effective in delaying deterioration reactions, improving microbiological, chemical, and color quality of vacuum-packed squid rings stored at 4-5  °C (Yeannes, 2012). Safety World Health Organization encourages the use of food irradiation, which is described as ‘a technique for preserving and improving the safety of food’ (WHO, 1988). However, the high radiation doses up to 25 kGy produced a statistically significant (p While inoising radiation being an effective method to reduce pathogenic E.coli O157: H7 in meat and poultry products (E. Mayer-Miebach and Schuchmann, 2005), Bacillus cereus LSPQ and Salmonella Typhi ATCC 19430 are radiotolerant bacteria (Samia Ayari, 2009). A recent research studied the effect of irradiation by dufferent irradiation types (gamma and electron beam), irradiation doses (1, 3, 7 and 10 kGy) and does rates (5kGy s-1 for electron beam and 0,4 1.85 kGy h-1 for gamma) on fifteen retail packaging materials. The results confirmed that irradiation-induced changes do occur in substances with the potential to migrate and that the safety of the finished packaging material following irradiation showed be assessed (M. Driffielda, 2014). Other study showed gamma-radiation did not affect the kinetics of plasticizer migration. On the contrary, electron-beam radiation produced shorter equilibration times for all food-simulating solvents tested at 40  °C. The values are far below the European Union restriction (1mg Kg-1 body weight) for ATBC and PVC. Thus PVC cling film may be used in food irradiation application in contact with aqueous foodstuffs (P.D. Zygoura, May 2011). Some studies indicate that at least some alkylcyclobutanones can induce DNA damage in vivo. No in vivo genotoxicity studies are available; however, the Panel considers a genotoxic hazard in humans unlikely. The only new contrary evidence was leukoenohalomyelopathy in cats, which have been fed mainly, or exclusively with highly irradiated feed (>25kGy). The finding has only been reported with cats, dogs consumed the same pet food did not show the disease in one report. A clear mechanistic explanation in terms if risk assessment has not been established yet ((EFSA), 2011). Suitability Due to the opposition from some very influential anti-irradiation activist groups an the uncertain about the acceptance of irradiated commodities by consumers, for many years, only spices and seasonings are still being irradiated worldwide on a significant scale. The irradiation of meat and meat products in USA requires prior approval not only by FDA, but also by US Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) (Diehl, 2002). Conclusion The ionizing radiation works by passing through food, creating a trail of chemical transformations by primary and secondary radiolysis effects. The irradiation technology can be used on fruits, vegetables, meat products, and spices. It is highly efficient of inactivating bacteria, disinfestation with minimum influence of nutritional factors of food to achieve longer shelf life and better food quality. However, some studies showed migration of some packaging material with aqueous foodstuff after irradiation. The development and permeation of ionizing irradiation become very slow due to vocal anti-irradiation activist groups and uncertain about the acceptance of irradiated commodities by consumers. References (EFSA), E. F. S. A. 2011. Scientific Opinion on the Chemical Safety of Irradiation of Food. EFSA Journal, 9. DIEHL, J. F. 2002. Food irradiationFpast, present and future. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 63, 211-215. E. MAYER-MIEBACH, M. R. S., U. ESCHRIG, L. DENIAUD, D.A.E. EHLERMANN, SCHUCHMANN, H. P. 2005. Inactivation of a non-pathogenic strain of E. coli by ionising radiation. Food Control, 16, 701-705. G.H. ZHOU, X. L. X., Y. LIU 2010. Preservation technologies for fresh meat – A review. Meat Science, 86, 119-128. GRAHAM, W. D., STEVENSON, M. H., STEWART, E. M. 1998. Effect of irradiation dose and irradiation temperature on the thiamin content of raw and cooked chicken breast  meat. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, , 78, 559-564. IRENE GALA ÃÅ' N, M. L. G. A. M. D. S. 2011. Effects of ionising irradiation on quality and sensory attributes of ready-to-eat dry fermented sausages enriched with folic acid. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 46, 469-477. ISSAM BEN SALEM, S. F., HAITHAM SGHAIER, MEHREZ BOUSSELMI, MOULDI SAIDI, AHMED LANDOULSI, SAMI FATTOUCH 2013. Effect of ionising radiation on polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential of parathion-treated sage (Salvia officinalis) leaves. Food Chemistry, 141, 1398-1405. M. DRIFFIELDA, E. L. B., I. LEONA, L. LISTER, D.R. SPECK, L. CASTLE AND E.L.J. POTTER 2014. Analytical screening studies on irradiated food packaging. Food Additives Contaminants, 31, 556-565. P.D. ZYGOURA, E. K. P. A. M. G. K. May 2011. Effect of ionising radiation treatment on the specific migration characteristics of packaging–food simulant combinations: effect of type and dose of radiatio. Food Additives and Contaminants, 28, 686-694. PANAGIOTA D. ZYGOURA, E. K. P., MICHAEL G. KONTOMINAS 2011. Migration levels of PVC plasticisers: Effect of ionising radiation treatment. Food Chemistry, 128, 106-113. SAMIA AYARI, D. D., MATHIEU MILLETTE, MOKHTAR HAMDI, MONIQUE LACROIX 2009. Changes in membrane fatty acids and murein composition of Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhi induced by gamma irradiation treatment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 135, 1-6. WHO 1981. WholesomenessofIrradiatedFood. Technical Report Series 659. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO 1988. FoodI rradiation.A Technique for Preserving and Improving the Safety of Food. Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization. YEANNES, A. T. M. A. I. 2012. Gamma radiation effect on quality changes in vacuum-packed squid (Illex argentinus) mantle rings during refrigerated (4–5  °C) storage. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47, 1550-1557.

Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics :: essays research papers

The discovery, development, manufacturing and marketing of medicines always involve questions of ethics. For example increasing pressure by governments to reduce healthcare expenditures potentially creates ethical issues for sales and marketing employees as they work to grow in the business. The healthcare industry is highly regulated and most pharmaceutical companies are committed to operating within the law. They have developed their own policies and guidance to ensure that all employees meet the highest ethical standards in their work. The Code of Conduct explains the standards that are expected from employees and is clearly communicated across each company. An Employee Guide to Business Conduct explains what the Code means in practice. Most pharmaceutical companies are committed to sales and marketing activities that are ethical, responsible, principled and patient focused. They conform to the high, ethical, medical and scientific standards that are set by governments and regulators. On top of the regulatory requirements of governments, they govern their sales and marketing activities through company policy, on Pharmaceutical Marketing and Promotion Activity, and through industry and company marketing codes. Companies believe that it is important to work with governments to contribute to constructive debate on issues surrounding pharmaceuticals and healthcare. Where legal and appropriate they make political donations as part of this engagement. All of their interactions are governed by the Code of Conduct and appropriate Corporate Policies. Most have company wide auditing in place to fully investigate suspected breaches of their company standards and take appropriate disciplinary action, including dismissal where a ppropriate. Never in the history of pharmaceutical marketing have the challenges been so intense and the stakes so high. Threats to growth and profitability have turned up the heat on pharmaceutical marketing teams to do more with less. As a result, pharmaceutical marketers must attain a new level of sophistication and precision to improve performance and maximize return on investments. At the same time, pressure is mounting on all fronts to provide greater value to all customers-including patients, providers and payers.

Heald College Dress Code Essay

Heald College in Fresno, California has rules that change and get stricter every quarter. Dress code is one of those rules that are constantly changing at the Fresno’s campuses. Students are required to dress professional Monday through Thursday, and Friday through Saturday is allowed to wear a Heald t-shirt, jeans, and sneakers. Before the rules were changed, students were allowed to wear a Heald t-shirt on Thursday’s also. It would be nice to get that Thursday back, instead of it changing due to the rates of dress code being higher on that day than any other days. Students should be allowed to wear a Heald t-shirt on Thursday again because we need a day where we could dress comfortable, it’s not fair to students who go to school form Mondays through Thursdays can’t have a Heald spirit day, and it’s not fair to keep changing rules and punishing those who follow the dress code. Heald College requires us to wear professional attire because it is to make us more prepared for our career we are trying to pursue. I know at a job were not required to wear sweats or unnecessary clothing but we’re at school and it is one place we want to dress comfortably at. I always used to look forward to Thursdays because I knew it was t-shirt day. Students need at least one little break from dressing in tight slacks, shirts that are tight around our neck, and shoes that hurt our feet! One comfortable day at Heald is what students need especially if we have a long week of learning. Most students at Heald are attending school only from Mondays through Thursdays. The rules for dress code states students are allowed to wear Heald Spirit only on Fridays and Saturdays. It is not fair that students who go to school from Monday to Thursday for 10 weeks don’t get a day to wear a Heald t-shirt to school. Before the rules changed many students liked the idea that Thursday was a day that they can relax and just wear casual clothes and shoes that they feel more comfortable in. To students who have been here before the rules have changed were very unhappy that Thursday’s spirit day was taken away from them. I asked a Student named Jessica, who’s in her fourth Quarter, â€Å"If you could change the dress code what would you change? † She responded â€Å"The Heald Spirit Day on Thursdays should be allowed again. I just like the fact that it was not so hard to pick out an outfit for school on Thursdays. † It’s just not fair to students. Not all students are at campus Friday and Saturday. They should at least make Heald Spirit day on a Thursday where most of the students go to school and not days where most class rooms are empty. There are students at Heald who obey the rules well and there are students who don’t. The dress code at Heald changed at the end of January 2013 quarter. Students were sent emails stating the dress code violations were higher on Thursdays than any other days and there will be no more Heald spirit day on Thursdays. All the students were punished because other students who are supposed to be adults couldn’t follow a simple dress code for Thursdays. It is not fair to other students who obey the dress code to get punished for other student’s mistakes. Taking the Heald Spirit day on Thursdays is not all the students fault. Violations should be given to students who are out of dress code on Heald Spirit day, so they’re the ones who get in trouble not the whole campus. Were adults and those who obey the dress code for Heald Spirit should be treated like an adult and be allowed to wear the t-shirt spirit day attire on Thursdays again. All students shouldn’t be punished for simple rules adults can’t follow. Students want to get treated like adults not high school or elementary school kids. Heald College in Fresno has a strict dress code that Students are supposed to follow. Heald Spirit on Thursdays should be given back to the students as a reward for coming to school and having to get an expensive school loan to learn. Students should be allowed to wear a Heald T-shirt on Thursdays because students want to go to school comfortable at least once throughout their week, Friday and Saturday are days Heald is less busy, and It’s not other students fault who obey the dress code to be punished for other students faults.

Administration and Politics Dichotomy Essay

Wilson’s dispute for the dichotomy could of well have developed as of planned thoughts too. At a period while numerous people assumed that politics equated dishonesty, those who sought a more skillfully founded government thought that protection from politics was a significant plan for attaining that goal. Wilson was one of the chief advocates of the politics-administration contrast which has been much hated by future public administration intellectuals, but which has often been misinterpreted. As we read on throughout this paper we will be analyzing how the separation between politics and administration is a workable structure in our society. Politics controls the objectives and strategies of government, and administration executes those objectives and strategies. Additional, the administrator is to be unbiased governmentally. In its most strict version neutrality applies to politics whether it is defined as partisan politics or formulating policy. But at a least, impartiality relates to biased objectivity. Administration and politics dichotomy pressures protection from politics by speculating that chosen representatives cannot affect with the administration or application of procedure. Administrators trust on their procedural capability to improve the best way to direct the procedure and objectives set by designated representatives, and they must be protected from partisan burdens as they workout decision founded on specialized capability to move out strategies set by the leading panel or administration. Administrative inquiries are not partisan questions. Although government assembles the responsibilities for administration, it should not be writhed to influence its agencies. Those who discharge the idea as outdated take it as an experimental statement about how government works in practice. They perceive that in fact, numerous high level civil servants possess a significant influence on procedure, and therefore let go the dichotomy. The actual significance of the politics-administration dichotomy, nevertheless, has to do with its relating to the idea creates repercussions. That is, the opinion understood by the dichotomy is that designated administrators and their straight appointees have the lawful right to create policy choices for the society, and it is the responsibility of career civil servants to transmit those rules in upright confidence. Therefore it is the ethical responsibility of the dichotomy that is imperative, not it’s observed content. I found Wilson’s politics-administration dichotomy to be very enlightening and understanding. I feel he marks a number of stimulating associations connecting to the dissemination of power and the ideal of a separation amongst legislation and execution. I think that in a perfect world where the ethics of folks in the administrative positions were continuously proper, his propositions might show evidence of working. Nevertheless, I cannot donate to to the train of belief that legislation and administration can be entirely or even regularly detached. All people, and henceforward whichever government society encompassed of them, are never deprived of partisan and environmental effect. While it may be the occupation of bureaucrats to action inside the spirit of the incorporating legislation, I consider it unbearable to impartially ratify plan free of individual and outward burdens. So in closing I have analyzed how the separation between politics and administration is a workable structure in our society. My mind wonders and my organizational skills are at best lacking. Listening is just more than hearing something. I hope I have at least demonstrated that. In conclusion, the subjects discussed above are convincing proof that Woodrow Wilson’s politics and administration dichotomy could be a good idea, if I my say so myself.